High Crimes and Misdemeanors in Impeachment

High Crimes and Misdemeanors in Impeachment â€Å"High Crimes and Misdemeanors† is the rather ambiguous phrase most often cited as grounds for the impeachment of U.S. federal government officials, including the President of the United States. What are High Crimes and Misdemeanors? Background Article II, Section 4 of the U.S. Constitution provides that, â€Å"The President, Vice President and all civil Officers of the United States, shall be removed from Office on Impeachment for, and Conviction of, Treason, Bribery, or other high Crimes and Misdemeanors.† The Constitution also provides the steps of the impeachment process leading to the possible removal from office of the president, vice president, federal judges, and other federal officials. Briefly, the impeachment process is initiated in the House of Representatives and follows these steps: The House Judiciary Committee considers evidence, holds hearings, and if necessary, prepares articles of impeachment – the actual charges against the official.If a majority of the Judiciary Committee votes to approve the articles of impeachment, the full House debates and votes on them.If a simple majority of the House votes to impeach the official on any or all of the articles of impeachment, then the official must then stand trial in the Senate.If a two-thirds supermajority of the Senate votes to convict the official, the official is immediately removed from office. In addition, the Senate may also vote to forbid the official from holding any federal office in the future. While Congress has no power to impose criminal penalties, such as prison or fines, impeached and convicted officials may subsequently be tried and punished in the courts if they have committed criminal acts. The specific grounds for impeachment set by the Constitution are, â€Å"treason, bribery, and other high crimes and misdemeanors.† In order to be impeached and removed from office, the House and Senate must find that the official had committed at least one of these acts. What are Treason and Bribery? The crime of treason is clearly defined by the Constitution in Article 3, Section 3, Clause 1: Treason against the United States, shall consist only in levying War against them, or in adhering to their Enemies, giving them Aid and Comfort. No Person shall be convicted of Treason unless on the Testimony of two Witnesses to the same overt Act, or on Confession in open Court.†The Congress shall have Power to declare the Punishment of Treason, but no Attainder of Treason shall work Corruption of Blood, or Forfeiture except during the Life of the Person attainted. In these two paragraphs, the Constitution empowers the United States Congress to specifically create the crime of treason. As a result, treason is prohibited by legislation passed by Congress as codified in the United States Code at 18 U.S.C.  § 2381, which states: Whoever, owing allegiance to the United States, levies war against them or adheres to their enemies, giving them aid and comfort within the United States or elsewhere, is guilty of treason and shall suffer death, or shall be imprisoned not less than five years and fined under this title but not less than $10,000; and shall be incapable of holding any office under the United States. The Constitution’s requirement that a conviction for treason requires the supporting testimony of two witnesses comes from the British Treason Act 1695. Bribery is not defined in the Constitution. However, bribery has long been recognized in English and American common law as an act in which a person gives any official of the government money, gifts, or services to influence that official’s behavior in office. To date, no federal official has faced impeachment based on grounds of treason. While one federal judge was impeached and removed from the bench for advocating  in favor of succession and serving as a judge for the Confederacy during the Civil War, the impeachment was based on charges of refusing to hold court as sworn, rather than treason. Only two officials- both federal judges- have faced impeachment based on charges that specifically involved bribery or accepting gifts from litigants and both were removed from office. All of the other impeachment proceedings held against all federal officials to date have been based on charges of â€Å"high crimes and misdemeanors.† What are High Crimes and Misdemeanors? The term â€Å"high crimes† is often assumed to mean â€Å"felonies.† However, felonies are major crimes, while misdemeanors are less serious crimes. So under this interpretation, â€Å"high crimes and misdemeanors† would refer to any crime, which is not the case. Where Did the Term Come From? At the Constitutional Convention in 1787, the framers of the Constitution viewed impeachment to be an essential part of the system of separation of powers providing each of the three branches of government ways to check the powers of the other branches. Impeachment, they reasoned, would give the legislative branch one means of checking the power of the executive branch. Many of the framers considered Congress’ power to impeach federal judges to be of great importance since they would be appointed for life. However, some of the framers opposed providing for the impeachment of executive branch officials, because the power of the president could be checked every four years by the American people through the electoral process. In the end, James Madison of Virginia convinced a majority of the delegates that being able to replace a president only once every four years did not adequately check the powers of a president who became physically unable to serve or abused the executive powers. As Madison argued, â€Å"loss of capacity, or corruption . . . might be fatal to the republic† if the president could be replaced only through an election. The delegates then considered the grounds for impeachment. A select committee of delegates recommended â€Å"treason or bribery† as the only grounds. However, George Mason of Virginia, feeling that bribery and treason were only two of the many ways a president could willfully harm the republic, proposed adding â€Å"maladministration† to the list of impeachable offenses. James Madison argued that â€Å"maladministration† was so vague that it might allow Congress to remove presidents based purely on a political or ideological bias. This, argued Madison, would violate the separation of powers by giving the legislative branch total power over the executive branch. George Mason agreed with Madison and proposed â€Å"high crimes and misdemeanors against the state.† In the end, the convention reached a compromise and adopted â€Å"treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors† as it appears in the Constitution today. In the Federalist Papers, Alexander Hamilton explained the concept of impeachment to the people, defining impeachable offenses as â€Å"those offences which proceed from the misconduct of public men, or in other words from the abuse or violation of some public trust. They are of a nature which may with peculiar propriety be denominated political, as they relate chiefly to injuries done immediately to the society itself.† According to the History, Arts, and Archives of the House of Representatives, impeachment proceedings against federal officials have been initiated more than 60 times since the Constitution was ratified in 1792. Of those, fewer than 20 have resulted in actual impeachment and only eight – all federal judges – have been convicted by the Senate and removed from office. The â€Å"high crimes and misdemeanors† alleged to have been  committed by the impeached judges have included using their position for financial gain, showing overt favoritism to litigants, income tax evasion, the disclosure of confidential information, unlawfully charging people with contempt of court, filing false expense reports, and habitual drunkenness. To date, only three cases of impeachment have involved presidents: Andrew  Johnson in 1868, Richard Nixon in 1974, and Bill Clinton in 1998. While none of them were convicted in the Senate and removed from office through impeachment, their cases help reveal Congress’ likely interpretation of â€Å"high crimes and misdemeanors.† Andrew Johnson As the lone U.S. Senator from a Southern state to remain loyal to the Union during the Civil War, Andrew Johnson was chosen by President Abraham Lincoln to be his vice-presidential running mate in the 1864 election. Lincoln had believed Johnson, as vice president, would help in negotiating with the South. However, shortly after taking over the presidency due to  Lincoln’s assassination in 1865, Johnson, a Democrat, ran into trouble with the Republican-dominated Congress over the Reconstruction of the South. As fast as Congress passed Reconstruction legislation, Johnson would veto it. Just as quickly, Congress would override his veto. The growing political friction came to a head when Congress, over Johnson’s veto, passed the long ago repealed Tenure of Office Act, which required the president to get the approval  of Congress to fire any executive branch appointee that had been confirmed by Congress. Never one to back down to Congress, Johnson immediately fried Republican secretary of war, Edwin Stanton. Though Stanton’s firing clearly violated the Tenure of Office Act, Johnson simply stated that the considered the act to be unconstitutional. In response, the House passed 11 articles of impeachment against Johnson as follows: Eight for violations of the Tenure of Office Act;One for using improper channels to send orders to executive branch officers;One for conspiring against Congress by publicly stating that Congress did not truly represent the Southern states; andOne for failure to enforce various provisions of the Reconstruction Acts. The Senate, however, voted on only three of the charges, finding Johnson not guilty by a single vote in each case. While the charges against Johnson are considered to have been politically motivated and not worthy of impeachment today, they serve as an example of actions that have been interpreted as â€Å"high crimes and misdemeanors.† Richard Nixon Shortly after Republican President Richard Nixon had easily won re-election to a second term in 1972, it was revealed that during the election, persons with ties to the Nixon campaign had broken into the Democratic Party national headquarters at the Watergate Hotel in Washington, D.C. While it was never proven that Nixon had known about or ordered the Watergate burglary, the famed Watergate tapes – voice recordings of Oval Office conversations – would confirm that Nixon had personally attempted to obstruct the Justice Department’s Watergate investigation. On the tapes, Nixon is heard suggesting paying the burglars â€Å"hush money† and ordering the FBI and CIA to influence the investigation in his favor. On July 27, 1974, the House Judiciary Committee passed three articles of impeachment charging Nixon with obstruction of justice, abuse of power, and contempt of Congress by his refusal to honor the committee’s requests to produce related documents. While never admitting having a role in either the burglary or the cover-up, Nixon resigned on August 8, 1974, before the full House voted on the articles of impeachment against him. â€Å"By taking this action,† he said in a televised address from the Oval Office, â€Å"I hope that I will have hastened the start of the process of healing which is so desperately needed in America.† Nixon’s vice president and successor, President Gerald Ford eventually pardoned Nixon for any crimes he may have committed while in office. Interestingly, the Judiciary Committee had refused to vote on a proposed article of impeachment charging Nixon with tax evasion because the members did not consider it to be an impeachable offense. The committee based its opinion of a special House staff report titled, Constitutional Grounds for Presidential Impeachment, which concluded, â€Å"Not all presidential misconduct is sufficient to constitute grounds for impeachment. . . . Because impeachment of a President is a grave step for the nation, it is predicated only upon conduct seriously incompatible with either the constitutional form and principles of our government or the proper performance of constitutional duties of the presidential office.† Bill Clinton First elected in 1992, President Bill Clinton was reelected in 1996. Scandal in Clinton’s administration began during his first term when the Justice Department appointed an independent counsel to investigate the president’s involvement in â€Å"Whitewater,† a failed land development investment deal that had taken place in Arkansas some 20 years earlier.   The Whitewater investigation blossomed to include scandals including Clinton’s questionable firing of members of the White House travel office, referred to as â€Å"Travelgate,† the misuse of confidential FBI records, and of course, Clinton’s infamous illicit affair with White House intern Monica Lewinsky. In 1998, a report to the House Judiciary Committee from Independent Counsel Kenneth Starr listed 11  potentially impeachable offenses, all related only to the Lewinsky scandal. The Judiciary Committee passed four articles of impeachment accusing Clinton of: Perjury in his testimony before a grand jury assembled by Starr;Providing â€Å"perjurious, false and misleading testimony† in a separate lawsuit related to the Lewinsky affair;Obstruction of justice in an attempt to â€Å"delay, impede, cover up and conceal the existence† of evidence; andAbuse and misuse of presidential powers by lying to the public, misinforming his cabinet and White House staff to gain their public support, wrongly claiming executive privilege, and refusing to respond to the committee’s questions. Legal and constitutional experts who testified at the Judiciary Committee hearing gave differing opinions of what â€Å"high crimes and misdemeanors† might be. Experts called by congressional Democrats testified that none of Clinton’s alleged acts amounted to â€Å"high crimes and misdemeanors† as envisioned by the framers of the Constitution. These experts cited Yale Law School professor Charles L. Black’s 1974 book, Impeachment: A Handbook, in which he argued that impeaching a president effectively overturns an election and thus the will of the people. As a result, Black reasoned, presidents should be impeached and removed from office only if proven guilty of â€Å"serious assaults on the integrity of the processes of government,† or for â€Å"such crimes as would so stain a president as to make his continuance in office dangerous to public order.† Black’s book cites two examples of acts that, while federal crimes, would not warrant the impeachment of a president: transporting a minor across state lines for â€Å"immoral purposes† and obstructing justice by helping a White House staff member conceal marijuana. On the other hand, experts called by congressional Republicans argued that in his acts related to the Lewinsky affair, President Clinton had violated his oath to uphold the laws and failed to faithfully carry out his duties as the government’s chief law enforcement officer. In the Senate trial, where 67 votes are required to remove an impeached official from office, only 50 Senators voted to remove Clinton on charges of obstruction of justice and only 45 Senators voted to remove him on the charge of perjury. Like Andrew Johnson a century before him, Clinton was acquitted by the Senate. Last Thoughts on ‘High Crimes and Misdemeanors’ In 1970, then-Representative Gerald Ford, who would become president after the resignation of Richard Nixon in 1974, made a notable statement about the charges of â€Å"high crimes and misdemeanors† in impeachment. After several failed attempts to convince the House to impeach a liberal Supreme Court justice, Ford stated that â€Å"an impeachable offense is whatever a majority of the House of Representatives considers it to be at a given moment in history.† Ford reasoned that â€Å"there are few fixed principles among the handful of precedents.† According to constitutional lawyers, Ford was both right and wrong. He was right in the sense that the Constitution does give the House the exclusive power to initiate impeachment. The vote of the House to issue articles of impeachment cannot be challenged in the courts. However, the Constitution does not give Congress the power to remove officials from office due to political or ideological disagreements. In order to ensure the integrity of the separation of powers, the framers of the Constitution intended that Congress should use its impeachment powers only when executive officials had committed â€Å"treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors† which substantially damaged the integrity and effectiveness of government.

Boat Cavitation Causes and Remedies

Boat Cavitation Causes and Remedies Next time you find yourself floating chest deep in water, try this little demonstration of cavitation in action while you are waiting for everyone to stop laughing and pull you out of the water. Hold the palm of your hand vertically and pass it quickly back and forth through the water. You will see a stream of bubbles form opposite the direction of travel. These bubbles are what is called cavitation. In the case of boats and ships, cavitation refers to a pocket, or cavity, of air forming on the backside of a prop or impeller blade. What Is Cavitation? What Are Its Causes? The most simple definition of cavitation is; an action that causes a void to form because of lower pressure. As the definition above says, the condition of cavitation is caused by a low-pressure situation. When you moved your hand back and forth through the water you caused the pressure behind your hand to drop. Thats where the bubbles formed. A prop with too much pitch or too much shaft speed will cause pockets to form on the back side of the blades or even at the tips. The reason these voids form is boiling of the liquid. This is not boiling from heat, but boiling from the vacuum. Physics experts tell us that a liquid will boil if heated to a certain temperature or if the pressure of the liquid is reduced. In the case of cavitation, the reason is lower pressure. This cold boiling technique is good for many industrial uses, but it is not wanted near props or pump impellers. The collapsing bubbles are filled with very low-pressure water vapor and when they collapse damage is done to many surfaces. Cavitation is a drag on efficiency because of the increased friction. The bubbles stick to surfaces and essentially increase the thickness of prop blades and more power is needed to increase or maintain speed. Even worse, cavitation can cause vibration because of uneven prop loads and damage or break equipment. Even worse than vibration damage is pitting. Pitting happens when bubbles collapse and all forces are focused on a tiny spot on the blade surface. Damage from vibration is very noticeable and usually preventable with modifications to operating style. Damage from pitting can be happening at a very subtle level and most of the affected components are out of sight in day-to-day operations. An increase in power caused by a poorly adjusted governor can be enough to start minor cavitation near the prop tips and probably would not be noticed by most crews. Only at haul out would the damage to drive components to be noticed. Pitting increases surface area which causes corrosion and few anti-fouling coatings can withstand forces from collapsing bubbles that can eat into hardened steel. This same set of conditions and the resulting damage can also happen inside things like pump housings and thruster tunnels. Cavitation is actually much easier to produce in an enclosed environment than in an open situation like a prop and shaft. In an enclosed area, there is much less liquid volume to rush in and compress the vacuum bubbles that are forming. Cavitation inside pumps is a leading cause of failure. Turning a centrifugal pump too quickly causes the liquid in a pump chamber to boil from lack of pressure. This is even more of a problem if you are pumping a hot liquid like coolant or heavy fuel oil. In a hot liquid situation, you are applying two sources of energy that will make the liquid boil. The first, heat, is external and is the better-understood form of boiling. The second is the mechanical vacuum caused by the impeller. The technical term for this second force is Net Positive Suction Head or NPSH.

Corporate governance Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Corporate governance - Coursework Example It is consisted of rules, which govern the relationships between stakeholders, shareholders and management (Ching et al, 2006). In the 1980s and early 1990s, some huge corporate scandals shocked the entire commercial world. Majority of the investors had lost their confidence over management of their investments; the entire commercial world was filled with distrust. To control this damage, different approaches are used such as corporate governance. In UK, Combined Codes consisting of various reports has been developed-Cadbury, Higgs, Smith, Greenbury. These reports discuss how a Board of Directors should operate; what role non-executive directors can play; how the external auditor should be strengthened and so on. Stakeholder approach and corporate governance Stakeholder theory is defined as any group or individual who can affect or is affected by the achievement of the organization’s objectives (Abdullah and valentine, 2009).Stakeholder approach defines an organisation being a member and citizen of society, enjoys a protection, benefits and so on. On the basis of this concept, organisations being a member of the society are remain accountable to all the stakeholders such as environmental groups, customers, governments, regulatory authorities, indigenous population and so on. Additionally, Wheeler et al (2002) contend that the stakeholder theory is derived from a collection of the organisational and sociological disciplines; where all groups participate to obtain benefits in a business (Donaldson & Preston, 1995). The supporters of stakeholder theory strongly believe on the concept and application of corporate governance; they require organisations are needed to be accountable for their all commercial activities to the stakeholders. Since the supporters of stakeholder theory strongly believe on corporate governance, a CEO chairing a board, may be working at the cost of other stakeholders. Advantages: stakeholders approach and corporate governance Transpar ency and accountability benefit both stakeholders and organisations. Stakeholders receiving information that an organisation is clearly publishing all its commercial activities and informing to all stakeholders, would be in a position to critically monitor the activities of the organisation. They can easily highlight detrimental impacts and can warn the organisation about its consequences. The organisation would also enjoy the trust of all stakeholders. This may increase its sales volume. Disadvantages: stakeholders approach and corporate governance Additional cost may be borne by an organisation. Since collecting data of sustainability reporting and other non commercial information do not come without cost, the organisation may be required to pay some additional cost. Additionally, for the organisation to satisfy every stakeholder may not be possible, this might result in additional loss of time as well. Agency approach and corporate governance Agency theory was exposited by Alchia n and Demsetz (1972) and was further developed its economic roots by Jensen and Meckling (1976).Agency is a relationship between a principal (a Shareholder) and an agent (a Director) (Siegel, 2000). Principals delegate their business running to the directors, who are the shareholder’s agents (Clarke, 2004). Also, this theory is conceptually simple and it suggests that managers in organisations can be self- interested (Daily et al, 2003).Under this

Analysis and Evaluation of Scotch Whisky Industry Coursework

Analysis and Evaluation of Scotch Whisky Industry - Coursework Example Production of scotch whiskey has adversely been affected by declining revenues and slow growth for the past 5 years. This is attributable to declining per capita consumption of spirits, health and societal concerns about the misuse of alcohol and tough competition from its close substitutes. One of the major drivers of growth was the exports before the onset of the financial crisis, which slowed down the markets in US and Europe. Effects of global restructuring and cost-cutting measures on the Scotch whisky industry Diageo, as part of its restructuring plan reported that it would close down its Port Dundas grain whisky distillery and the Kilmarnock bottling plant. The latter is where the world’s most popular Scotch whisky, Johnnie Walker, had been bottled. This would cost about 710 jobs. Diageo also intend to expand its Leven plant and create about 400 jobs. A protest ensued from the stakeholders but the decision was ultimately undertaken by Diageo. Another whisky producer Why te & Mackay cut 85 jobs in Scotland. These signal decisions by producers to shift bottling overseas due to increased costs and the emerging economies, which have become important markets. Shifting production processes offshore will have an impact on production of other spirits in Scotland, which rely on the economies of scale by large-scale whisky distilling and bottling to remain operational. Analysis of Scotch whisky in terms of market segmentation . In 2008, Scotch whisky was overtaken by vodka as the highest selling spirit in the UK. However it is easily the most popular UK spirit exports with revenues of ?3.0 billion in 2009. Under the UK law, Scotch whisky must be produced in Scotland. It divided into 3 major types: single grain, single malt or blended. When blended, Scotch comprises 60 percent to 85 percent grain whisky. Its alcohol content ranges from 40 percent to 95 percent by volume. The Scotch whisky industry directly employs about 10,000 people at over 100 distilleries in Scotland. Famous Grouse and Bell’s are the top brands of blended Scotch whisky in the UK. Imported whiskies account for only 4.0 per cent of spirits sales. Included in this category are Irish whiskey, US and Canadian whiskey and Indian whisky. US-produced corn whiskey (bourbon) has demonstrated solid growth in the United Kingdom, particularly among younger drinkers. Markets for Scotch whisky industry Scotch whisky accounts for majority of the exports, followed by vodka and gin. By the year 2011-12, it is expected that exports will account for 88 percent of industry revenue. Scotch whisky’s major export markets are the US, France, Spain, Singapore and South Korea. India and China are becoming increasing important too. Business and production locations for Scotch whiskey There are four major producing regions in Scotland: the Highlands, the Lowlands, Islay and Campbeltown, Speyside is home to more than half of the distilleries in the UK. Scotland also accounts for mos t of the production of spirits other than whisky, including vodka, gin, rum and ready-to-drink beverages. Combining existing production facilities, bottling capacity and distribution channels with production of other spirits provides tremendous economies of scale for spirits producers. In the past two years, more than ?500 million has been spent on new infrastructure in the region. Key Success Factors of the Scotch whisky industry The most important Key Success Facto

End of the novel Essay Example for Free

End of the novel Essay This is similar to Victors pursuit for glory, as both men (Victor and Walton) are putting the life of themselves and other men in danger by continuing to try and achieve their ambition. From Victors above words we can see that he is still motivated to seek revenge on the monster, despite the danger to his life. He also attempts to put the life of others in danger, as he asks Walton to murder the monster if he gets a chance:  If I do (die), swear to me, Walton, that (the monster) shall not escape; that you seek him, and satisfy my vengeance in his death.   (Volume 3, Chapter 7, p212) When Victor enters the novel, he is portrayed as a noble and kind person who is capable of both love and friendship. He has strong ambition and eager to learn. However, one gets the impression that when he starts to create life, he is trying to take the role of God, and becomes obsessed with gaining glory and power so much, that he forgets the importance of love and family. Victor also fails to care for the monster, which in my opinion is highly monstrous as it just like abandoning a new born baby. Furthermore, Victor acts selfishly in many occasions throughout the play. He decides to create a female companion for the monster, to stop the monster chasing him. But he goes against his promise when he thinks about what the world will think of him, if a race of monsters attacks the world. Everything Victor does is centred on himself and he only thinks about what benefit it would be to himself, when he considers an action. Now that I have considered Victor as a character, I will now examine the monster. The monster starts off his life as an innocent creature; however his abnormal figure and demented shape caused people to be scared of him and reject him. When the monster walked into an old mans home to obtain food and shelter, the old man:  -turned on hearing a noise; and, perceiving (the monster), shrieked loudly, and, quitting the hut, ran across the fields.  (Volume 2, Chapter 3, p108) All the man had to see was monsters figure to make him run away without any enquiry. This suggests that the creatures look posed a threat to everyone who saw him, and led to him being alienated from society.  However the monster is quite kind to start off with. While he was observing the De Lacy family, he demonstrates his kind gestures by gathering a great pile of wood for the De Lacy family to use as firewood. He also put their well being before his starvation, as he stopped stealing a part of their store for (his) own consumption when he found out that it inflicted pain on the cottagers. During the beginning period the monster spends with the De Lacy family, he perceives that the words they spoke sometimes produced pleasure or pain, smiles or sadness, in the minds and countenances of the hearers. He too wanted to be able to interact in this way and ardently desired to become acquainted with speech. This shows that the monster is eager to learn and wants to become just like other humans. Once the monster has mastered the use of speech, his desire to be like humans motivated him to enter the house of the De Lacy family, and speak to the blind old man when he was left alone at the cottage. This shows that the monster has some wit and cleverness as he selects a person who cant judge him by his figure, but his personality and speech. However, whilst he is talking to the blind old man, the rest of the De Lacy family return home and were shocked by the appearance of the monster to such an extent that Felix, a male member of the De Lacy family, beat the monster violently with a stick using supernatural force. It is this mistreatment of the monster that sparks a deadly hatred within himself for his creator. The monster had received abuse from the De Lacy family after he had helped them, all because of the way that Victor had made him look, and the fact that he had failed to protect him. It is this anger that makes the monster monstrous by personality and drives him to kill William (Victors younger brother):  Frankenstein! You belong then to my enemyto him towards whom I have sworn eternal revenge; you shall be my first victim.  (Volume 2, Chapter 8, p144) The monster also seems to be jealous of Victor, as he knows that he can never have love and relationship like him and other humans because of the way he looks. We know this because the monster frames Justine for murder of William, as he knew he could never possess anything as beautiful as her. And it is this feeling that brings the monster to demand Victor to make a creature of another sex, but as hideous as himself. From this, we can see all that the monster wants is a bit of love and companionship, to make him lead a life which is similar to humans. However Victor cheats the monster by first agreeing to create the female monster, but then tearing (her) to pieces in front the monster at the final stages of her production. This upsets the monster as Victor has effectively destroyed the monsters only chance of love in front of his eyes. This antagonism caused the monster to become monstrous once again, as he murders both Henry Clerval and Elizabeth (now Victors wife): -what I now held in my arms had ceased to be the Elizabeth whom I had loved and cherished. The murderous mark of the fiends grasp was on her neck, and the breath had ceased to issue from her lips. (Volume 3, Chapter 6, p199)  Despite this, the monster does illustrate some humane characteristics towards the end of the novel. He presents great grievance for the death of Victor, and heartfelt remorse for his malicious actions:  Oh, Frankenstein! generous and self-devoted being! What does it avail that I now ask thee to pardon me? I, who irretrievably destroyed thee by destroying all thou lovedst.

Effective Foreshadowing in King Lear :: King Lear essays

Effective Foreshadowing in King Lear    The first scene of a play usually sets up the basic themes and situations that the remainder will work with. In Shakespeare’s play King Lear, the very first scene presents many of the play's basic themes and images. The recurrent imagery of human senses and of "nothing," the distortion of familial and social ties, the gradual dissolution of Lear's kingship, all make their first appearances in the first lines of Shakespeare's play.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Much of the imagery in King Lear's first scene presages what is to come in the play. Often characters refer to senses, particularly sight, whether as a comment on the necessity of sensing consequences before acting (as Lear does not), or as yet another of Shakespeare's comments (most apparent in Hamlet) on "seeming." The destruction of Gloucester's eyes and his subsequent musings ("I stumbled when I saw" (IV.i.19) etc.) are a more graphical presentation of this basic theme which originally appears in Lear's first scene. Goneril declares Lear is "dearer than eyesight" (I.i.56) to her (though she is the one who later suggests putting Gloucester's eyes out for his "treachery"). Regan goes further, proclaiming "I profess / Myself an enemy to all other joys / Which the most precious square of sense possesses" (I.i. 72-74). Crossed in his wrath by Kent, Lear cries "Out of my sight!" (I.i.157), only to be reproved with Kent's "See better, Lear, a nd let me still remain / The true blank of thine eye." (I.i.158-9).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Lear's dialogue with Cordelia on "nothing" introduces yet another theme in the play's imagery, echoing, among other scenes, some of his later conversations with the Fool (I.iv.130 "Can you make no use of nothing, nuncle?") and others. Indeed, King Lear is, in many ways, about "nothing." Regan and Goneril seem to offer much in the beginning, but after whittling down the number of Lear's knights, they leave him with nothing, and in the end their "natural" affection comes to nothing as well. Lear is progressively brought to nothing, stripped of everything -- kingdom, knights, dignity, sanity, clothes, his last loving daughter, and finally life itself.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   One of the main signals of the growing chaos of Lear's world is the distortion of familial and social ties. King Lear exiles his favorite daughter, Cordelia, for a trifling offense, and those daughters he does favor soon turn against him.

The Micromanager

Although George seems to be a nice man, he is really a true micromanager because he can be persistent and stubborn on a lot of things.   Although he would like to think that he is personable, at work, he insists on getting things done in his own way and keeps track of Shelley’s progress in doing it. He also eats up Shelley’s time in making her accompany him to meetings that take her concentration away from true work. Even at home, he can dictate the time his children need to do certain things like homework. George also insists that at least two press releases are published monthly even when there is nothing to write about. He oversteps on the instructions that Shelley has already given to her own staff which causes additional confusion on the part of their subordinates. Even if Shelley has already asked for assistance in the form of additional staff, he would still rather that she list down her priorities first and do things his way. Shelley obviously detests being bullied into doing what should otherwise be something creative because she does not like George’s leadership style. However, leadership style can affect many people in different ways depending on personality types and the situations they are in. This can be seen in the way Rich Harmon admires George for being innovative and ahead of him in thinking of solutions to his department’s problems. The micromanager is good in doing everybody else’s job but as can be seen in George’s situation, he spends too much time in dealing with the nitty gritty that should be delegated to his subordinates.   As Chief-Executive-Officer, he should be concentrating on motivating his employees to do their work as a team instead of finding the little stuff that they might be doing wrong or finding solutions to small problems that should be the job of his managers. 2. Is it the appropriate style ? Why or why not? (Hint, consider the characteristics of the environment, the employee, the task, leader discretion, etc.) Retronics is in a very delicate situation because its market is going down and it needs to reinvent itself to keep up with the industry.   George’s style cannot be successful in this light because he insists on doing things hands-on while the need of the company is for its head to create new ideas that could bring new life to the crippled corporation. George has his own following and he can be effective to certain types of personalities. However, although there are employees who admire George’s ideas that really help in the development of their departments, he is actually creating followers instead of true leaders because of the dependency culture he is encouraging.   He should instead try to hone his managers’ leadership skills and encourage more innovative ideas that come from below his rank if he really wants to keep up with the new wave in his industry. Otherwise, he would be trapped in solving everybody else’s problems and no one will be overseeing the company. On the other hand, his way of micromanaging Shelley causes her to loose motivation to work because she feels cramped by her position and his leadership style.   It can be assumed that Shelley might not be the only one who feels this way because he is the type who would really delve into the smallest of details of each department to keep him self abreast of what is happening within his company. Aside from embarrassing his managers for overpowering them in their own departments or divisions, George’s style can also cause a lot of confusion and power struggle which can be detrimental to a company who is already trying so hard to survive in an ailing industry. Instead of working towards a concrete goal, his style of management causes factions which can affect the time frame and quality of work that needs to be done. Another negative consequence of George’s leadership style is that his managers will tend to imitate his leadership style and this could cause too much stress in the company.   The pressure that is felt by the subordinates will just result to poor results due to lack of morale. Instead of overseeing and managing, his executives would end up picking on their employees and wasting too much time trying to correct mistakes that could have been done properly if they had the freedom to deal with things individually. George’s leadership style encourages individualism instead of team building.   A big company can become strong if its foundations are supportive groups of people instead of individuals who have their own motives for staying in the company.   To be a good leader is to foster team work and understanding among subordinates. Better relationships build loyalty and sincerity in getting things done. 3. What strategies can Shelley employ to better manage her boss? (To answer this question, you may want to read this short piece by Harry E. Chambers: (You can find it through the EBSCO database in Business Source Complete). Shelley has to get over her feelings of being mislead into the predicament she was in.   She has to stop feeling like a victim and put things in proper perspective.   When emotions are put aside, she will be able to see that George is coming from a completely different background from hers.   She is into the arts while George, an engineer academic standards, uses more of logic to understand and solve problems.   She also has to go beyond her department’s problems to understand that George’s problems are way much heavier than hers. Being a subordinate, it is also required of Shelley that she learns how to follow her boss†¦ even if it seems wrong.   Otherwise, she can manipulate George’s decisions into her favor by finding out what motivates him to do things in another way. She can also use her communication skills in professionally sharing her ideas even before George can shoot it down.   It can be seen that Shelley tends to just hold back instead of verbally defending her ideas.   Micromanagers can still feel in control as long as they see that their subordinates see their problems from the boss’ point of view too. Shelley should put her ideas to work and then find ways of explaining it to George in the light of his perception and not hers. Shelley also has to inform George of her ideas before she starts writing them.   This way, they can discuss which ones he prefer and how they can compromise on how the subject should be given treatment. Simply making a press release, for example, without taking into consideration the boss’ view can be a waste of time because of the corrections.   However, if Shelley takes the initiative to place the information needed in front of her boss so that he just has to decide among the choices she offers, then things would be easier to do quickly. Shelley should also try to find out what makes George have a better relationship with the other managers.   She does not have to suck up to him and change her attitude but just analyzing those relationships could create better understanding of how to handle her boss. Lastly, Shelley really needs to go beyond her department and see things generally from the CEO’s point of view too.   George’s responsibilities are far harder to manage than hers and this could give her insight on why he treats her that way.

Mr and Mrs Martins Short Text Theme

An idea that was worth learning about in The Silk by Joy Cowley was eternal love. The writer showed us this idea through Mr and Mrs Blackie's traits and the symbolism of the silk and bridge. While an idea worth learning about in Mr and Mrs Martins by Edla van Steen is how the couple face death. The writer shows us this idea through Mr Martins character and the symbolism of the incomplete gravestone. Eternal love is an idea worth learning about as it shows us their love for each other. The writer shows us this by Mr and Mrs Blackie's relationship. As â€Å"days and nights† pass, Mr Blackie is falling more ill as he settles â€Å"into bed as gently as dust†, showing his physical weakness. Mrs Blackie is aware of this so her caring trait helps try to make him as comfortable as possible with pillows or how she filled the hot water bottle to keep him warm. Then she decides to create his laying out pyjamas as a last gift and memory with him. She shows her love for him by how he is going to do â€Å"every stitch†¦ by hand†. Mr Blackie also shows his love as he wants to spend their last moments together so he asks her to â€Å"do it in here† (making the pyjamas in their bedroom). From this we feel hopeful that in the near future we will find a special someone that cares for you and vice versa. As I have known some peers that only has one person giving in to the relationship. The idea of eternal love is also shown by the symbolism of the blue silk from China and its bridge image on it. The couple have been together for fifty-odd years and are still very much in love as they both want to spend their last moments together. The silk is used as a symbol to represent their marriage, love and bond they have in the present time. But Mrs Blackie is unsure of what their love will become after Mr Blackie passes. After she decides to create the silk pyjamas, they have to cut it and â€Å"together they feel the pain as the blades met cleanly† as they realised that the silk and their relationship will â€Å"never again be the same†. After Mr Blackie dies Mrs Blackie griefs over the fact that â€Å"he didn't say goodbye† . Then she sees the man on the bridge â€Å"waving. Or perhaps beckoning to her† and realises that he did say goodbye and that the link or bond is still there. She comes to realise that their love can transcend death and become eternal love. This makes the reader feel envious of their life long relationship as many relationships in the present day aren't lasting very long. Also how they have a mutual understanding where no words are needed because they such a tight and special bond between them. Facing death is an idea worth learning about as different people deal with death differently. The writer shows us this idea through Mr Martin's decision to keep on living separately due to Mr and Mrs Martins traits. Mr Martin has the dominant trait while Mrs Martin is submissive, which allows Mr Martin to make the decision while Mrs Martins just allows him even she does not want to. He made this decision due to the love he has for his wife and he believes that most men die first, so he wants her to â€Å"prepare for living alone† without him. We see that Mrs Martins is being the peacemaker as she doesn't want to live separately but respects his wishes and chooses not to argue as she will â€Å"wait for another opportunity† to tell him. From this we feel very frustrated that Mr Martin is ignoring what his own wife wants as most people should spend their last moments together happily, not alone and all depressed. Yet we also get the reason for Mr Martins decision as it can be painful when all of a suddenly your loved one dies and your all alone. This helps Mrs Martins through as she learns to depend on herself as some widows nowadays struggle to live alone. Another reason why facing death is an idea worth learning about as not only do they live separately they have also made a gravestone for themselves already. The writer uses this gravestone as a symbolism to represent how the incomplete dates show anticipation towards death and also their union of marriage in life and death. It represents the decision and unspoken pact that the couple have made. The symbolism is shown consistenly through the story with words like â€Å"slab†, â€Å"tomb† and â€Å"her sepluchre†. It also shows how they believe that this is the end for them, there is nothing after death. From this we feel confused at how they can make a gravestone for themselves even though they are both very healthy and alive. But we feel sad at the fact that they have no children, so no one will be visiting them. It makes the reader think of what we as children need to do for our parents in the far away future. Eternal love and facing death are both ideas worth learning about as we get to learn about lifelong love with that special person or the hardships when dealing with death. The writers shows us these ideas are worth learning about through the main character's traits and symbolism of silk, bridge and gravestone.

Human Relations Movement Essay Example

Human Relations Movement Essay Example Human Relations Movement Essay Human Relations Movement Essay The main concern of this assignment is the human relations movement and how it eradicated the influence of the classical and scientific management in the industry today. This approach raises some important questions about what are the keys function of the classical-scientific management theory, and the contrast of the worker in the classical-scientific and behavioral management. Some additional points need to be considered such as the Hawthorne studies and also the most important aspect covered is the Industrial Revolution that had the biggest influence on management. The Industrial Revolution in the eighteenth century led to a widespread growth of machinery and mass production throughout England and later in Europe and the United States. During this era, there was a change in the scale and method of production, along with logistical problems facing businesses, forcing them to adopt more systematic approaches to management. From this came firstly the scientific approach to managing production processed and later the evolution of the behavioral approach to management. The roots of modern management lie within a group of practitioners and writers who gave their contributions to management. One of the most representatives of the classical era is Henri Fayol who spend most of the time working as a mining engineer but also later on, developing management theories. Fayol developed the first, widely accepted definition of management. â€Å"To manage is to forecast and to plan, to organize, to command, to co-ordinate and to control† (Henry Fayol, 1916). The definition of management did not remain unchanged and other scientists developed new points of view regarding what is management. The year that the modern management theory was born was 1911. This year was the year that Frederick Winslow Taylor which is known as the father of scientific management, published the book â€Å"Principles of Scientific Management†, where it was described the theory of scientific management which is the use of the scientific method to define the one best way for a job to be done. Taylor wanted to create a mental revolution among the workers and management by defining clear guidelines for improving production efficiency. Taylor states that the role of managers is to plan and control, and that of workers to perform within the instruction. Taylor’s most prominent disciples were Frank and Lillian Gilbreth. Frank was a construction contractor, while Lillian was a psychologist. Studying work arrangements helped to eliminate wasteful hand-and-body motions, also experimented in the design and use of proper tools and equipment for optimizing work performance. Another associate of Taylor was an engineer named Henry L. Gantt who extended some of Taylor’s original ideas and added some new ones. For example, Gantt devised an incentive system that gave workers a noun for completing for completing the job in less time that allowed standard. Gantt is most noted for creating a graphic bar chart that could be used by managers as a scheduling device for planning and controlling work. Fayol wrote during the same time as Taylor, but the attention was directed at the activities of all managers, and wrote from personal experience. Fayol argued that management was an activity common to all human undertaking in business, in government, and even at home. Max Weber was a German sociologist that developed a theory of authority structure and described organizational activity on the basis of authority relations. Weber recognized that this ideal bureaucracy didn’t exist in reality, but that it represented a selective reconstruction of the real world and this was a response to the abuses that were within organizations. Weber believed that this model could remove the ambiguity, inefficiencies and patronage that characterized most organizations at that time. Many of the components of Weber’s bureaucracy are still inherent in large organizations today. The fundamental premise of classical-scientific management theory is that there is only â€Å"one best way of doing things†. Early advocates of this theory argued that it is the fundamental job of managers to establish the tasks of workers in order to maximize productivity. Classical-scientific management is associated with jobs specialization, division of labor, centralized power as well as a hierarchical organizational structure. Managers must determine the businesses objectives, formulate strategies to meet these objectives, and put together the resources, policies and procedures needed to meet the goal of the business. The classical view treated organizations and people as machines where the managers were the engineers. The human resources approach offered managers solutions for lessening this alienation and for improving worker productivity. Humanizing the workplace had become congruent with society’s concerns at the time. Behavioral science and the study of organizational behavior emerged in the 1950 and 1960. It focused on applying conceptual and analytical tools to the problem of understanding and predicting behavior in the workplace. However, the study of behavioral science and organizational behavior was also result of criticism of the human relation approach as simplistic and manipulative in its assumptions about the relationship between worker attitudes and productivity. The behavioral management theory supports concepts of motivation, leadership and group dynamics. Theorists believed that workers are able to undertake basic tasks without strict supervision and frequent instruction, allowing for businesses to operate with fewer managers, hence a flatter organizational structure and a wider span of control. Cohesive workplace teams emphasize the importance of working together in a cooperative and coordinated fashion. Concepts of group dynamics promote cooperation and improve employee moral. Better decisions and more innovative ideas can result from team work. Team work can increase performance by workers combining ideas to create synergy. The human relations movement was spearheaded by Elton Mayo and his associates in the 1920 and 1930s. It clashed directly with Taylor’s theories. Managers, found Mayo, should not only look at finding the best techniques and methods to improve output, but should also look at human affairs. While Scientific Management looked at technology and processes, Mayo found that the real key to high productivity lies within the people and groups in the organization. Effective organizations, the Human Relations Movement found, develop around the employees, looking primarily at human feelings and attitudes. Cooperative goal setting and personal growth and development are the key to effective businesses, determined Mayo. The struggle between Scientific Management and the Human Relations Movement are very much about management, leadership and what is more important between production and people. The most important contribution to the human resources approach to management are the Hawthorne studies which are a series of studies during the 1920’s and 1930’s as an attempt to determine the effects of lighting on worker productivity, that provided new insights into group norms and behaviors. When those experiments showed no clear correlation between light level and productivity the experiments then started looking at other factors. Working with a group of women, the experimenters made a number of changes, rest breaks, no rest breaks, free meals, no free meals, more hours in the work-day / work-week, fewer hours in the work-day / work-week. Their productivity went up at each change. Finally the women were put back to their original hours and conditions, and they set a productivity record. This strongly disproved Taylors beliefs in three ways. First, the experimenters determined that the women had become a team and that the social dynamics of the team were a stronger force on productivity than doing things the one best way. Second, the women would vary their work methods to avoid boredom without harming overall productivity. Finally the group was not strongly supervised by management, but instead had a great deal of freedom. These results made it clear that the group dynamics and social makeup of an organization were an extremely important force either for or against higher productivity. This caused the call for greater participation for the workers, greater trust and openness in the working environment and a greater attention to teams and groups in the work place. Under this theory, it is recognised that what works well in one circumstance or situation may be inappropriate or ineffective in another. This means management styles must depend on the particular circumstance requiring managers to be flexible and have the ability to adapt to today’s dynamic business environment. This model serves to intregrate characteristics from another management theories much as behavioural management theory and the classical-scientific management theory. For example, leadership style of classical-scientific management theory would be appropriate when immediate decisions need to be made under pressure. Managers of the twenty-first century recognise that universal guidelines can be ineffective and do not fit every organisation. In today’s society, organisations and their environments are not as stable and simple as they were in previous years. It is clear that modern organizations are strongly influenced by the theories of Taylor, Mayo, Weber and Fayol. Their precepts have become such a strong part of modern management that it is difficult to belive that these concepts were original and new at some point in history. However, the behavioral management also contribiuted to the Industrial Revolution and it has the biggest influence within the companies of twenty-first century. References: Sheldrake, J. (2003) Management Theory 2nd Edition. Thomson Learning, London. British Medical Journal London – Human Relations in Industry Management Thought www. referenceforbusiness. com The Human Relations Movement www. odportal. com Number of words 1480

8 Surefire Signs You Need To Change Careers NOW

8 Surefire Signs You Need To Change Careers NOW It can be scary to change careers, but sometimes it’s the absolute right thing to do. Don’t let yourself get stuck in a career rut. If any of these warning signs apply to you, find yourself a new job STAT. 1. Your weekends are always too short.Everybody’s weekends are too short. But yours are really fraught. You get to the office on Monday and by that same afternoon, you’re counting down the hours until Friday. Then you spend most of your weekend dreading Monday morning. Even Sunday is a waste because you’re so miserable thinking about going back to work.2. You’ve lost your passion.Not everyone can be 100% jazzed about their job at all times. But you’re bordering on burnout. There’s no joy taken in any aspect of your work- even the tasks that used to be enjoyable. You can’t quite remember why you work there anymore. You’ve lost your drive. And now you’re really only there for the money, which probably isnâ⠂¬â„¢t that great anyway, and by no means makes up for the apathy and boredom and pervasive emptiness you feel.3. You feel trapped.It’s precisely when you feel that you can’t get out that you should try your hardest to free yourself. Maybe you’re caught in the trap of losing your motivation because you aren’t being challenged. That vicious cycle will only get worse. You’re eternally bored, which drains your energy, and so on, and so on†¦4. You’re envious of, well, everyone.If you find yourself pining for other people’s career situations, that’s a great sign that there’s something wrong with your own. Clean up your own house. Make sure you’re not looking at other people’s lives, but at your own, and making the changes you need to make. Follow your own big dreams.5. Your health is suffering.Often your body will tell you first when you need to switch jobs. Stress can wreak utter havoc on the body- through bad eating habits, high blood pressure, and even heart attacks. If you’re losing vitality and sleep at a job, or if you have tension headaches, achiness, and fatigue, it’s time to listen to what your body is telling you. Find a way out.6. You have zero work-life balance.Your friends don’t even recognize you anymore. You don’t have any time for family or friends. You’re all stress, all the time. You never do the things that used to bring happiness to your home life. Plus, the people closest to you have noticed a change in you for the worst- either in your appearance or demeanor. You’re constantly worn out and depleted. Time for a makeover for both you and your career.7. Everything is a struggle.Your company culture just makes everything so fraught and unpleasant. You can’t think of a single nice thing to say about your job. You don’t even have a positive relationship with your coworkers where  you can go out and complain abou t it over lunch. You’re a little bit isolated and a lot frustrated.8. You could do better.You’re sure that your talents and abilities could really make a difference somewhere, but they are wasted here. Don’t be too scared to go for your dream career. Chances are, that’s where your passion and creativity lie- and where you’ll actually enjoy going to work each week.

The Most Revolutionary Part of the Industrial Revolution Essay

The Most Revolutionary Part of the Industrial Revolution - Essay Example People could now travel in deep sea and explore further marine resources through steam-powered ships. To compound the importance of the steam engine in the industrial revolution, other later inventions were founded on the steam engine. This implies that the steam engine formed the basis of future research in steam-powered technology that we enjoy up to date. I believe that throughout the history of mankind, the industrial revolution resulted in rising in the standard of living. As Jake put it, the steam engine invention resulted in other new technologies. New technologies come with opportunities for people to get employment, hence more income. In addition, new technologies make work easier, thus easing human beings from tiresome tasks. For illustration, the steam engine helped in the movement of people and goods from one place to another. I believe that throughout the history of mankind, the industrial revolution resulted in rising in the standard of living. As Jake put it, the steam engine invention resulted in other new technologies. New technologies come with opportunities for people to get employment, hence more income. In addition, new technologies make work easier, thus easing human beings from tiresome tasks. For illustration, the steam engine helped in the movement of people and goods from one place to another. People were able t o travel to places that initially could not travel. The role played by the steam engine invention in increasing the standard of living is thus indispensable.